(II)

The sexual content reflected in "Hanging Branches" and "Mountain Songs" is rich and colorful, from family to society, from marriage to infidelity, from morality to incest, from the bitterness of lovesickness to the enjoyment of sex, from the charm and emotions of ordinary women to the charm and charm of courtesans,

From spring palace paintings to sexual products, from normal sexual desire to abnormal sexual desire, from singing to admonishing and mocking, it comprehensively and from multiple angles presents the sexual concepts, customs, and trends of specific social groups in a specific historical period. It can be regarded as a historical scroll and sexual specimen of folk sexual culture in the Ming Dynasty.

The most progressive and artistically charming love songs are those that depict female infidelity themes.

Firstly, people's understanding of extramarital affairs has changed. As stated in "Mountain Song: Stealing", "At first, only Dao Lang stole his sister, but now the new pan head world sister steals her brother", and female extramarital affairs have become fashionable; Moreover, women have considerable courage and bravery to engage in extramarital affairs

"Don't panic when you get acquainted with an affair. Catch your son and become an adulterous slave. Get the official's knees and kneel down to tell the truth. I'll steal the Lang if I bite the bullet." (Folk Song - Steal)

It is precisely based on the pursuit of love at all costs that women confess their feelings very candidly, openly, and urgently during sex, 'wishing I could hold you in my arms and sit there' (from 'Hangzhi Er: Sexual Urgency').

The sexual image of an adulterous woman stands vividly on the stage of folk love songs in the Ming Dynasty, much braver, freer, and more unrestrained than the romantic feelings of a graceful lady.

So, what is the driving force behind women's infidelity? For women, it is not pure animal instincts or traditional male virtues, but rather men's "beauty".

Men's promiscuity and seduction strongly attract women, which is also despised by traditional sexual aesthetics; And precisely what people admired at that time:

You have sold all kinds of beauties, such as white scarves, brown bamboo fans, and fragrant sleeves. With a few lines of Kundiao, no one envies you for your cleverness and abundance. You are a fortunate woman who enjoys it alone. "(From" Hanging Branches, Eyes Fire ").

Women who engage in extramarital affairs, some have husbands or fianc é s, while others are young girls or widows; Some people fall in love at first sight when they meet, while others have a deep affection for childhood sweethearts; Some are conservative and focused on the purpose of marriage fate, while others are impulsive and impulsive.

Next, we will take male infidelity as the perspective and analyze the identity of the woman who engages in extramarital affairs depicted in folk love songs.

One is stealing maidservants.

Maid status is low, and as a dowry maid, she is often taken into the house as a concubine, used as a tool for men to satisfy their desires. But some men are not satisfied with being legitimate and often take action before using them, satisfying the abnormal mentality of "stealing is better than a concubine".

Like the two songs of stealing maidservants in "Hanging Branches": "The child is tired, the child falls asleep, and when she wakes up, there is only a big gap left. Sister Daolang, take a good seat inside (Ran) 👂） If you don't want to get tired, you must pick up a dirty girl and pester her on the ground. "

The little girl favored him to be very sassy, and didn't care about his oily smoke and bottom fishy smell. Who cares about him... lifting his feet, behind his back... If he still woke up his mother, they both knelt down until dawn“

The second is to steal sister-in-law, sisters and even mother and daughter at the same time.

For various reasons, some men can have an affair with their sister-in-law at the same time. The folk song 'Auntie in law' is about borrowing a bridge to cross the river for Tonggu:

Get to know your sister-in-law. If you get to know your sister-in-law, you can be a good girl and a good sister-in-law. Don't sweep the fallen leaves in the deep mountains, just tie your feet with a wide bucket

Sometimes even three people act, such as the folk song sisters:

Sister wants to steal, sister wants to steal, three of them each make one head. It's like a tiger face with two holes in its eyes, holding a pig's mane and a leather craftsman pulling on both sides

The novel 'Shanhe Nian'er' also aims to steal women and communicate with them:

I want to get to know my son and my mother. It's easy for me and my mother to discuss. We can light a fire in the bamboo slips and take care of each other, but we can't hold on to the boat and the beach

The third is stealing from my aunt.

In ancient times, it was a custom for an aunt to stay at her sister's house, which provided convenience for her brother-in-law to steal from her aunt. Like 'Mountain Song':

"One creek, two creeks, and the third creek breaks the boat. Lift the bamboo pole and pull out the paddle, and catch a little aunt and push her down in the back cabin. The aunt said to her brother-in-law, don't be too busy,...... It seems that the little anunu sent Baijiu to others, and the master didn't eat it first“

There is also a custom for a younger sister to continue her marriage or to marry a sisters together: "The clouds in the sky carry white clouds, and the son-in-law shakes the boat to carry her father-in-law. You take your daughter as a fortune teller and say that if you get sick in the grass and die in the withered grass, you should not allow your daughter to be an outsider."

Those extremely unethical acts of stealing daughters in law, sister-in-law, daughters, etc., such as Chen Jingjing stealing Pan Jinlian in "The Plum in the Golden Vase", are not accepted without restraint in folk love songs like folk stories and jokes, but adopt a completely exclusionary attitude and refuse to sing.

Hanging Branches, Mountain Songs "(Ming Dynasty) written by Feng Menglong

Folk love songs, from the perspective of women, reveal various internal or external factors such as physiological needs, social reasons, and rebellious psychology for extramarital affairs and extramarital affairs.

One is the longing for spring.

Sex is an instinctive human need, and longing for spring is an inevitable stage of women's sexual psychological development, which is the most obvious awakening of people's characteristics of male and female roles.

The main focus of the so-called men's and women's defense is the specific stage of women's longing for spring. The phrase 'Sisters and children itch to catch a man's glance' (from 'Mountain Sao') clearly indicates that the initiator of extramarital affairs is often a woman.

Although the song 'Mountain Song: Maturity' is exaggerated, it expresses the unbearable pain and torment that women find difficult to relieve after their sexual awakening

Twenty siblings are struggling on the bed, their white flesh as cold as ice. Even the criminals in the prison are just suffering, with gold on the raw charcoal and silver spoiled

Especially for those women who marry out of time, they are even more anxious and restless, "boiling in a wok without oil" ("Mountain Song: Knocking on the Door").

However, folk love songs refer to women's longing for spring and aroused sexual desire, often focusing on low-level obscenity and amplifying the burst of sexual desire. As the song "Singing Mountain Songs" says, when a woman faces flirting with the opposite sex, she can't help but feel "the Thousand Leaf Peony's heart tugged and moved

Moreover, there are those who specifically describe this' movement ':

This thing suddenly caused trouble tonight. Who brought down a scabies nest? When it itched, it was heartbreaking, scratching and pinching, lifting and pinching, and then pouring hot soup on it, only making the skin suffer. ("Hanging Branches, Itching")

Sisters and siblings have no medicine, so they run east and west. Sister Meixiang picked up the Fu Shao Bei hot soup to relieve her anxiety. Sister Meixiang, do you know that a hot soup can only be used on the scalp. (Mountain Song: Itching)

It can be seen that the charm of folk pornographic songs lies.

The song 'Mountain Song: Tianji' also uses traditional folk song techniques, setting up scenes, adding narrative content, and shifting the frustration of suppressed sexual desire to the entertainment of teasing and ridicule:

There are a hundred birds and a hundred sounds, but only a blue and white field chicken crows so clearly. In the middle of the night, it jumps to the root of the lotus jar in front of the window of Little Anunu Nansha, on the golden lotus leaves. It barks three times high and three times low, saying:

"Come to the pavilion, come to the pavilion, break the bun again, break the bun again, and make the palm on the Mantou on the knee under the little Anunu's belly play a big part. It's not painful and itchy, just like the general Yang Liu sent to the 18th cave in the South Bay of Jiuxi, where the victorious Hui Dynasty tied a red maned horse under the green poplar tree, and it's like a broken umbrella the next year, dripping with water."

This kind of direct presentation is much more pornographic and vivid than the depictions of talented scholars and beautiful women falling ill, twisting flowers and leaves, and lingering in love during their spring memories in literary and elegant poetry.

Some love songs tightly capture the delicate and sensitive psychology of women's longing for spring to describe, beautiful but not vulgar, and vulgar but not vulgar. As in 'Hanging Branch Cat':

Suddenly, I heard a cat meowing in the embroidery room, calling out in high and low tones hundreds of times. The female refused to let the male take it. My sister withdrew and stole a glance at the cat, but after seeing it scattered, she didn't feel like her pants were soaked

It depicts vividly from the restlessness of hearing, the surprise of seeing, the palpitations and concentration of peeking into secrets, to the subtle shyness of feeling lost and subconsciously embarrassed.

It reflects some phenomena encountered in daily life, such as blooming and falling flowers, animal mating and reproduction, which may cause women to feel homesick.

Thinking of spring and being passionate, being passionate but unable to control oneself, like falling into clouds and fog, unable to control oneself.

This is precisely the psychological characteristic of adolescent girls who are confused and unable to control themselves during sexual activity.

The second is sorrow.

The main reason for extramarital affairs is the contradiction between the feudal culture formed by social control and the ideal and instinctual desires of pursuing sexual satisfaction.

The abnormal yet legal feudal marriage system first became the object of resentment, such as in "The Song of the Mountain: Husband and Child": "My husband is forced to rot, and the bad horse has no reins (▯) to ride. When the tide rises and the boat rises, only the bamboo pole is short. How could he ever bow his head and mud?" This kind of "eighteen elder sisters and seven year old men" marriage situation was not uncommon in the old society.

Women who cannot satisfy their sexual desires are inevitably prone to extramarital affairs. For example, in another song "Husband Little": "Husband Little, Fu Fengliu, Fu Tongluo, Fu Tongtou, build a homestead and a good field to eat only, Fu can plant, and spend every year to benefit others

Another situation is the dissatisfaction of women's sexual desire caused by the phenomenon of "old man with few wives":

Married to a turtle who died eight years ago, he was numb, blind, foolish, and deaf. He went to bed like a backboard, and got out of bed like a chicken stepping on a male. Last night, during the second shift after the first shift, he crawled over to learn how to fight a male. His mustache hurt his mouth, and his snot dripped down his chest, causing his heart to ache. He kicked him to the east of the inner bed. Only the fifth shift leader, the little Anu, boiled his fur, caught the canal, and pretended to touch it, as if smoking carrots and burning onions. This kind of appearance taught me how to behave

Furthermore, there is psychological loneliness and emptiness. Although there are more opportunities for men and women to interact in rural and urban areas, such as market and commercial activities, temple fairs, and festivals, due to the social division of labor between men and women, getting married at an inappropriate time, and men going out to do business, study, and join the army, the traditional life pattern of men farming and women weaving has been disrupted. Due to having multiple wives, women experience feelings of loneliness and boredom.

For example:

The sister stood by the green screen window, watching the lonely goose with a mournful expression. Huanglian Mozi pig head bitter brain, like a fallen mountain gate without a corridor. (Mountain Song: Wulang)

The west wind stirred up the sadness in my heart, and on a cold night, I suffered a loss without a man. Luoli Dongcun Tou Xicun Tou has two horizontal ends, north and south. After twenty years, I came here to chat and borrowed my companion to return the canal in the cold winter. (Same as above)

The stars in the sky are numerous, the moon is numerous, and the world is somewhat discordant. You see, the 28/20 siblings are timid and tired, while the 20/20 gentleman has no wife. (Mountain Song: Sorrowful Kuang)

The third is resistance.

Some women have extramarital affairs due to the rebellious mentality caused by their parents' discipline. It is this rebellious factor that makes women's extramarital affairs contain the theme of resisting the feudal marriage system and pursuing a free and happy sexual life:

Eating mother hits son, eating mother feels embarrassed, so she calls Lang Yeye to steal. Sister Dao Lang, I heard that if you were a student, there would be a romantic saying passed down by the ancients, and Little Anunu would kill Lai Xiang Fang for good health

Eating mother cried and mourned, so she called Lang Yeye to come. Sweatshirts are worn out and painstakingly washed, even hitting the bottom of the chest. (Same as above)

Book Shadow of 'Mountain Songs'

Folk love songs provide detailed reflections on the entire process of a woman's infidelity, and depict the psychological characteristics of each stage of the affair.

One is the beginning of infidelity.

At this stage, love songs are good at capturing women's expressions and reflecting their wandering mentality through visual description. As in the folk song "Shan Ge": "The young lady's family doesn't want to laugh or frolic, there are many private laughs coming in (" Laugh ")", "Thousands of zhang Ling Luo Leng coming in (" Sui ")", "Sister looks at the son's husband's needle pulling hand, and the son's delicate mother's boat also horizontal (" Look ").

The second is the longing and depressed state of mind during the process of infidelity.

Love songs or borrowing common expressions of spring, summer, and winter wind, flowers, snow, and moon from folk songs, such as "Hanging Branches and Moon":

The moon in the blue sky is like a slave smiling, neither high nor low, hanging on the willow branches, bright and unknown, not dark, so bring the slave to shine. Don't laugh at me with the clear light, and look at yourself. There are few days that are missing to shine on the days of reunion

Or use things around you to vent and indirectly express frustration, such as "Hanging Branches, Promoting Weaving":

There's no reason to make noise outside the window. Who instigated you to chatter? I'm sleeping alone and restless, so I quickly called the maid to get up and pour a copper basin of water. If he can't come out, you can beat the stick again

Even angry maidservants, such as the two songs' Hanging Branches':

My lovesickness has left me feeling lonely. I got up in the middle of the night to play plum blossoms. Meixiang, why am I thin and you tend to be strong

Girl, why are you also thin when I'm thin? I'm thin because I want to be with my lover, and there's no reason why you're so thin. Are you also with my lover

On the third shift, I suddenly broke my pillow and only managed to make you a couple for half a month. Could it be that the timing was not favorable and only meant a good day before making a profit? If this person comes, I will reward you with my slim waist first

Or express it through methods such as borrowing and returning dates, keeping track of dates, asking for signatures during classes, or watching happy spiders hanging on the eaves. Like several songs in 'Hanging Branches':

Go from him, don't ask about the Ling Gua, just insert the golden hairpin on the paper window. After a day of not inserting him, I counted carefully from the beginning and counted one hundred and eighty. For you, this enemy, I have been guarding the widow for six months. (Remembering the Day)

Counting the return period made my fingertips ache, and counting hard made him come back too. This is the merit of pain. What's the use of your pain if you don't come back now? Why did he count hundreds of times in a day if he didn't coax me with his return date? Blame your unlucky enemy, even your fingertips will be coaxed by you. (Numbers Return Period)

Ask him if he's good, ask him if he'll come, and also ask him for life, whether he'll change his nature or not. (Asking for Lessons)

The Taoist and I carefully pushed each other, and if they deserved a spiritual divination stick, I would also make a soap robe to thank you, Taoist. (Seeking Mirror)

Or use daily life and labor to write about lovesickness and infatuation:

I only describe your graceful demeanor, I only describe your expressive nature, but I cannot describe your warmth. I stop writing and think. ("True Description")

Calling you by your nickname, low curse, curse your petty thief, curse your unfaithful prisoner. The pain is in my heart, and I can't bear to curse it out. (Curse)

Suddenly sneezed at the makeup counter, thinking it might be a thoughtful consideration for me to send a letter. Did he think about me for the first time? Since I said goodbye to you, tears have been streaming down my face every day. I think about you like this, thinking about your sneezing like rain. (Sneezing)

Love songs are also good at writing dreams and expressing emotions. As in 'Hanging Branches':

Tell the person in my dream to wait patiently in their dream. If you don't come during the day, go to your dream and coax them

The dream woke me up with infinite melancholy: "In my dream, my enemy has arrived, and I embrace them with both hands. In my dream, I call my dear. In my dream, I become a phoenix, and in my dream, I am paired with a phoenix. In my dream, we meet, but in my dream, we have gone again

Even the angry mouse and cat said, "I have caused my lovesickness to lie alone in my clothes, hoping that I will pass by in my dreams. I hate killing the mouse and causing trouble, thinking that I will never meet you makes my eyes dry. When we meet in my dreams, you will never allow me, mouse

Love songs also use a playful and romantic style, exaggerating the pain of lovesickness, such as in "Hanging Skills, Calling Plum Fragrance":

My soul wanders with the disease of lovesickness. I sit up in the middle of the night and call out to Meixiang. You go to bed and pick up your legs to learn from my good parents. Meixiang said, "Sister, you're also a confused mother. Without that thing, mother, how could it make you itch

There are also many love songs that directly express emotions, among which there are many clever, infatuated, and interesting lines.

Taking "Hanging Branches" as an example: "On the thirtieth day of the first lunar month, at twelve o'clock each day, in the middle of those twelve o'clock hours, I am always with you (" Love in My Heart ");

Rub sugar on the tip of a person's nose, lick it but can't lick it, smell it with a strong fragrance, and you'll leave some sweetness behind, teaching people to think slowly;

I also laugh at myself for being foolish. I am clever and clever, and I can't help myself at this point ("Illness");

Even if you have millions of books coming in a day, this book cannot be considered as you (The Book of Dedication);

I sold my love and bought it again ("Selling Love"), "I calculated with you how much I owed you, I don't know how much I still owe you (" Account ").

In describing the plot of a secret meeting, love songs are good at expressing the urgent feeling of waiting for the lover. Taking "Hanging Branches" as an example: "Carrying a water jug in my hand, I nourish the roots of the flowers every day, hoping that they will bloom, but Brother Qing hasn't set off yet. With the usual spring scenery, is it true that the flowers bloom too late and tightly in his place

The gardenia flower blooms with six petals, and my lover Lang invites me after dusk. The sun is long and rare, and I watch the sun through the window with both hands

Even in a state of urgency and panic, he mistook his lover and said, "I can't come up to you. Hurry up and make some moves on my sleeves. My face turns red and I feel embarrassed. Sister, you've mistaken me

Love songs are also good at describing changes, twists and turns, and good things are difficult to handle. As in "Mountain Song: Simulation", when a lover cannot come, he can only "close his eyes and kiss the sky, calling out sweet and affectionate words one after another"; when his parents are watching closely, he can only push the window to look at the stars in the sky and report the news ("Looking at the Stars"),

Or "the factories on both sides before and after the entire venue" ("Walking"), enduring the torment of emptiness. But the clever female protagonist always has a way to deal with her parents, coming up with ideas in a hurry and adding to the fun of infidelity.

As in "Introduction to Mountain Songs": "My parents asked me to sit in the shade for a while at dusk, and I saw Qinglang walking towards them to introduce me. My siblings hurriedly pretended to be fireflies and said, 'Come in, come in!' They were afraid that Qinglang would leave, so they shouted, 'Grandma Feng, let's climb in the grass.'“

The method of "Mountain Song: Midnight" is even better: "Sister, my lord, if you don't want to catch a backdoor knock when you come in the middle of the night, you can only catch the chickens on the field to pluck their feathers. Pretend to be a weasel stealing chickens and causing horns to bark, so that you can teach me how to wear a single skirt and come out to chase wild cats

Even so, there is still no fear of the secret meeting being broken. "Hanging Branches: Flirting" says, "The clothes are not untied, the flesh is not attached, and you can hear people coming. I have never done anything before, and I almost showed my legs.

Research on Ming Dynasty Folk Songs "by Zhou Yubo

The most valuable aspect of a love song describing a secret meeting is that it reveals the anxious, nervous, and flustered psychological state of women under the rule of traditional culture: "The pretty enemy tugged at the slave outside the window, bit the slave's pink cheek with one bite, and untied the incense ribbon with both hands. Brother, wait a moment, I'm afraid someone will come and there won't be anyone after a while..." (From "Hanging Branches: Flirting")

It also lacks the lingering and calm nature of sex, as depicted in the female mentality of love in "Mountain Songs":

The eating man pushed down at the heart of the back courtyard, but the tough man couldn't resist, so he had to go along with it. Being seen by someone, a bad slave has a good reputation. Sister Daolang, I'm like sharpening a knife on a yellow sandstone, as long as you sharpen it quickly, you can make a sound in your mouth when you give birth to a radish (from "The Heart of the Back Courtyard")

After weaving an affair, the door is open and the ground is rough and easy to steal. Sister Daolang, you (Ran) 👂） I'm used to using bleached cloth to stand on my waist and protruding belly in the dyeing workshop, so I immediately whipped my back (from "The Back Door"). ”

Sometimes the more eager one is to think, the more urgent one is to act, but the less emotional one is, the dull and uninteresting it becomes. "A moment of joy lasts for a long time," causing "itching and separation all over one's body" ("Mountain Song: Low Skills");

Even feeling stage fright at the moment, "it seems like a new fence has been built tightly, and I have to teach myself how to eat raw peaches." (Ran) 👂） Heng Pai Kai "(" Mountain Song · Push "), causing the lover to resent," Since I am a bitter enemy, what do you promise me to do? "(" Hanging Branch · Mouth Xu ")

The anxiety about gains and losses during the update of sexual concepts, the heavy worry about the destination of sex, the burden of pregnancy, psychological panic, and female shyness make the mood of women in secret meetings very complex and contradictory, and they may not be able to fully enjoy the surprises and happiness of sex.

The pain of longing and the suppression of secret meetings often elevate the emotions of women who engage in extramarital affairs during sexual life, yearning for a lover to eventually become a couple and for love to last forever.

So, after sexual intercourse, love songs often write about women's emotional needs in this regard, such as swearing a covenant and confessing their feelings. For example, "Which unfaithful and ungrateful woman would not be a dog under the table?" (from "Hanging Branches: Self Loss").

So that traditional love song has eternal vitality:

Mudren, it's just like the two of us. Twist one of you, shape one of me, how about watching the two? Knead him and remake him, twisting you again and reshaping me. I have you in me, and you have me in you. ("Hanging Branches, Clay Figures")

Some even exchange notes and bite their shoulders to burn scars, forming a unique sexual custom in ancient China. At the end of the secret meeting, I cannot forget to repeatedly remind my lover to avoid suspicion and not to buy anything, revealing an affair; In order to prevent Ah Mei from reporting, "Deliberation" actually gave advice to her lover, "a net of pockets, to clamp his mouth".

Love songs also pay attention to the consequences of extramarital affairs, writing about a series of social problems caused by infidelity. Ideal sex should last long and be close again, inevitably leading to conflicts with family and marriage, and the result is nothing but情淡散伙,或被捉奸后蒙受羞,或是奸杀,或出奔,最好的结局是终成眷属。

但对奸杀,情歌不提倡,不欣赏,可见情歌以情感为审美标准,以人性爱自由为创作题旨。

于是,在这一冲突中,我们看到的只是女主人公发出的心声是“镜子里做子枕头明明里介困”(《山歌·长情》),“古人说话不中听,（冉👂）了人一个娇娘只许嫁一人?”(《山歌·捉奸》)

“姐有亲夫郎有眷,何弗做场交易各成双?”《山歌·交易》而没有潘金莲西门庆之于武大郎事。

（未完待续）

《金瓶梅文化研究》 王 平 李志刚 张廷兴 编

文章作者单位：济南大学

本文获授权发表，原文刊于《金瓶梅文化研究》（王平、李志刚、张廷兴编），中国文联出版社，1999。转发请注明出处。返回搜狐，查看更多